Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm) secreted by various cell types, functioning as key mediators of intercellular communication by transporting bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Their structure, consisting of a lipid bilayer membrane, protects their cargo and reflects the characteristics of their parent cells. Due to their natural biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and ability to cross biological barriers, exosomes have gained significant attention in various biomedical applications. In gene therapy, exosomes are particularly promising as delivery vectors, capable of transporting genetic material like RNA and DNA directly to target cells with high efficiency and specificity. This potential makes them valuable for treating a wide range of diseases, including cancers, genetic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Their ability to undergo surface modification and cargo customization further strengthens their potential in advancing next-generation gene therapy approaches.